What causes Insulin Resistance? Part I

Here is the 1st of a 3-part series (℅ Dr. Gregor of www.nutritionfacts.org) on the mechanics of Type II diabetes and Insulin Resistance.  I know, I know – HOW BORING!!!  Believe it or not, it’s really  important.  Almost all of us Canadians are overweight.  Look around at your neighbourhood school – it’s so sad.  An entire generation of over-fed, unhealthy children who, on so many levels, will be a burden to their parents for the rest of their lives.  Luckily though, the solution is really simple!!!  Like your Granny used to say, “Johnny, eat your vegetables!”  I’ll add, “Eat your starchy vegetables (without the butter)!”

 

 

Studies dating back nearly a century noted a striking finding. If you take young, healthy people and split them up into two groups (half on a fat-rich diet, and half on a carb rich diet) within just two days, this is what happens: the glucose intolerance skyrockets in the fat group. In response to the same sugar-water challenge, the group that had been shovelling in fat ended up with twice the blood sugar. As the amount of fat in the diet goes up, one’s blood sugar spikes. It would take scientists nearly seven decades to unravel this mystery, but it would end up holding the key to our current understanding of the cause of Type II diabetes

Here’s a group of athletes carb loading before a race. They’re trying to build up the fuel supply within their muscles. We break down the starch into glucose in our digestive tract, it circulates as blood glucose—blood sugar—and is taken up by our muscles to be stored and burnt for energy.

Blood sugar, though, is like a vampire. It needs an invitation to come into our cells. And, that invitation is insulin. Here’s a muscle cell. Here’s some blood sugar outside waiting patiently to come in. Insulin is the key that unlocks the door to let the glucose in the blood enter the muscle cell. When insulin attaches to the insulin receptor, it activates an enzyme, which activates another enzyme, which activates two more enzymes which activates glucose transport, where it acts as a gateway for glucose to enter the cell. So insulin is the key that unlocks the door into our muscle cells.

What if there was no insulin though? Blood sugar would be stuck out in the bloodstream banging on the door to our muscles and not able to get inside, and so with nowhere to go, sugar levels would rise and rise. That’s what happens in Type I diabetes – the cells in the pancreas that make insulin get destroyed and without insulin, sugar in the blood can’t get out of the blood into the muscles, and blood sugar rises.

But there’s a second way we could end up with high blood sugar. What if there’s enough insulin, but the insulin doesn’t work?  The key is there but something’s gummed up the lock. This is called insulin resistance. Our muscle cells become resistant to the effect of insulin. What’s gumming up the door locks on our muscle cells, preventing insulin from letting glucose in? Fat. Intramyocellular lipid, fat inside our muscle cells.

But fat in the bloodstream can build up inside the muscle cell, create toxic fatty breakdown products, and free radicals that can block the insulin signalling process. So no matter how much insulin we have in our blood, it’s not able to open the glucose gate and blood sugar levels build up in the blood.

This mechanism by which fat induces insulin resistance wasn’t known until fancy MRI techniques were developed to see what was happening inside peoples’ muscles as fat was infused into their bloodstream. That’s how they found that elevation of fat levels in the blood causes insulin resistance by inhibition of glucose transport into the muscles.

And this can happen within three hours. One hit of of fat can start causing insulin resistance, inhibiting glucose uptake after just 160 minutes.

Same thing happens to teens. You infuse fat into their bloodstream. It builds up in their muscles and decreases their insulin sensitivity, showing that increased fat in the blood is an important contributor of insulin resistance.

And then you can do the opposite experiment. Lower the level of fat in people’s blood and the insulin resistance comes right down. Clear the fat out of the blood, and you clear the sugar out of the blood. So that explains this finding. On the high-fat ketogenic diet [eg. Paleo, Atkins-style], insulin doesn’t work as well. Our bodies are insulin resistant. But as the amount of fat in our diet gets lower and lower, insulin works better and better, a clear demonstration that the sugar tolerance of even healthy individuals can be impaired by administering a low-carb high-fat diet. But we can decrease insulin resistance by decreasing fat intake.

Link: http://nutritionfacts.org/video/what-causes-insulin-resistance

 

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H P Himsworth, E M Marshall. The diet of diabetics prior to the onset of the disease. Clinical Science 1935; 2, 95-115.

M Roden, T B Price, G Perseghin, K F Petersen, D L Rothman, G W Cline, G I Shulman. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest. Jun 15, 1996; 97(12): 2859–2865.

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M Roden, K Krssak, H Stingl, S Gruber, A Hofer, C Furnsinn, E Moser, W Waldhausl. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans.

M Krssak, K Falk Petersen, A Dresner, L Dipetro, S M Vogel, D L Rothman, M Roden, G I Shulman. Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study. Diabetologia. 1999 Jan;42(1):113-6.

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A T Santomauro, G Boden, M E Silva, D M Rocha, FR F Santos, M J Ursich, P G Strassmann, B L Wajchenberg. Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with Acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1999 Sep;48(9):1836-41.